<p>Lake Manly was a pluvial lake in Death Valley, California. The lake covered much of Death Valley with a surface area of 1,600 km&sup2; during the so-called "Blackwelder stand". Water levels varied through the history of the lake, and the chronology is further complicated by active tectonic processes that have modified the elevations of the various shorelines of Lake Manly; during the Blackwelder stage they reached 47 - above sea level. The lake received water mainly from the Amargosa River and at various points from the Mojave River and Owens River. The lake and its substantial catchment favoured the spread of a number of aquatic species; the spread of some lizards, pupfish and springsnails was aided by its waters. The lake probably supported a substantial ecosystem, and a number of diatoms developed there.</p><br>
<p>Lake Manly existed during different times in the geological past. After some poorly defined lake stages during the Miocene, Pliocene and early Pleistocene, the first large lake stage occurred about 185,000–128,000 years ago during the Tahoe glacial stage and formed the Blackwelder shorelines. This lake was the largest known Lake Manly; theories that the lake merged with Lake Mojave farther south or even overflowed into the Colorado River close to Ludlow and across several other basins are, however, questionable. After the drying of this lake a later lake stage occurred 35,000–10,000 years ago during the Tioga/Wisconsin glaciation; this lake was smaller than the Blackwelder lake. During the Holocene, the lake disappeared; today only ephemeral lakes occur in Death Valley during strong floods.</p><br>
<p>Lake Manly is one among many major lakes that formed in the Great Basin, the best researched of which are Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville. Lake Manly collected the overflow from a number of lakes including Lake Tecopa, Mono Lake, Lake Owens, Searles Lake, Lake Panamint, Lake Mojave, Lake Dumont and Lake Manix. Not all of them existed or drained into Lake Manly simultaneously.</p><br>
<p>The formation of Lake Manly was caused by decreasing temperatures and thus decreasing evaporation as well as increased precipitation during the ice ages. Other lake systems in the Great Basin expanded due to the same causes.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The lake was named in honor of William Lewis Manly, who rescued white immigrants from Death Valley in 1849. The name "Lake Rogers" for a potential northern lake in Death Valley was derived from a compatriot of Manly, John Rogers.</p><br>
<p>The name is used for the lakes that occupied Death Valley in the past, but occasionally the name "Lake Manly" is used only for the most recent, the middle Pleistocene lake stage or general late Pleistocene lake stages.</p><br>
<p>The name "Lake Manly" was coined in 1932, and is sometimes spelled as "Manley", which is a misspelling. Other names for the lakes in Death Valley are "Death Valley Pleistocene lakes" and "Death Valley Lake", a name first used in a publication of 1902.</p><br>
<h2>Research history</h2><br>
<p>The existence of large ancient lakes in the Great Basin of the United States was already proposed by the end of the 19th century, when the existence of Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville was first described. The possibility of a former lake in Death Valley was also considered during that time, though at first it wasn&#39;t universally accepted as a large lake. The first evidence for it was described in 1924 by Levi F. Noble. Earlier in 1890 Grove Karl Gilbert already assumed a lake existed in Death Valley, although his lake was considerably larger than actual Lake Manly.</p><br>
<p>Evidence for the lake&#39;s existence includes wavecut terraces observed by geologists in 1925, pebbles and tufa, layers of clay and salt on its former lake bed, and calcium carbonate deposits that were probably formed by algae in the lake. These clues are dispersed across Death Valley, especially within the more researched areas of Beatty Junction and Desolation Canyon.</p><br>
<p>While the deposits were once attributed to a single lake stand, later evidence was found of various lake cycles going back to the Pliocene. The history of Lake Manly is not as well understood as that of Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville, the two largest pluvial lakes recorded in the Great Basin. More recently, renewed scientific interest has stemmed from the fact that Lake Manly formerly drained the area of Yucca Mountain, a proposed nuclear waste repository.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Manly formed in Death Valley, a tectonic depression framed by the Cottonwood Mountains and Panamint Range to the west, Owlshead Mountains to the south and Black Mountains, Funeral Mountains and Grapevine Mountains to the east. Death Valley is about 200 km long and 10 - wide and consists of three basins: Badwater Basin which reaches a depth of 86 m beneath sea level, Cottonball Basin and Middle Basin. The Badwater Basin is the deepest point in North America. Death Valley began forming about 14 million years ago, and by the Pliocene it was well developed. The valley remains deep due to vertical faulting, which occurs faster there than anywhere else in the US. Various types of rocks form the surface areas of Death Valley, some going back as far as the Precambrian.</p><br>
<p>The Death Valley is tectonically active, with faults including the Black Mountains fault, Furnace Creek Fault, Grandview Fault, Northern Death Valley Fault, Southern Death Valley fault and Towne Pass Fault. Thus, shorelines from the same lake stands are often not at the same altitude in various parts of the basin. Faulting has caused a progressive drop in elevation of the floor of Death Valley, keeping pace with sedimentation, though the exact rates are not known. This deformation causes the southwestern shores of Lake Manly to sag with respect to the northeastern ones, and together with sedimentation renders estimating the depth of Lake Manly unreliable. This is compounded by the fact that many lake deposits are located close to the active faults of the Death Valley fault zone. Over the last 60,000–70,000 years, the Northern Death Valley fault zone has slipped by about 4.5 -. Lack of earthquakes and dates makes it difficult to estimate the activity of these faults, though an earthquake occurred in 1908, and Death Valley is actively subsiding. Volcanism has also affected Death Valley, including Ubehebe Crater in the valley and the distant Mono-Inyo Craters, all within the last 2,000 years.</p><br>
<h3>The lake</h3><br>
<p>Lake Manly was a long, narrow lake with a southern sub-basin named "Confidence Flats". It was about 595 - deep at highstand, and about 310 ft above sea level. The lake reached a width of 6 - and length of 90 mi. The shores of the lake were 200 mi long. The most prominent shoreline at about 90 m elevation is known as "Blackwelder shoreline&quot even higher shorelines have been identified at Shoreline Butte. At this stand, the lake had a surface area of about 1,600 km&sup2; using present-day topography; at that point the volume would have been about 176 km3. The absolute highest surface area Lake Manly could have had (at overflow height) was 8,000 km&sup2; or 12,000 km&sup2;. Some landforms indicative of lacustrine deposition have been found at altitudes of 595 m (the overflow height) above sea level around Death Valley but they could also be the consequences of non-lacustrine processes.</p><br>
<p>Southern California and southern Nevada contain deserts with valleys similar to Death Valley that are also not formed by rivers. Many of them held water in the past; some lakes such as Great Salt Lake, Mono Lake, Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake still exist. These ancient lakes were ultimately generated by Basin and Range province tectonic phenomena which caused runoff to collect in closed basins. Various weather changes associated with the last glacial maximum favored their infilling, including southward shifts of storm tracks accompanying analogous shifts of the jet stream, which were probably forced by the Laurentide ice sheet. Currently a salt pan fills Death Valley, with an average surface altitude of -75 m.</p><br>
<p>One island existed close to Beatty Junction, with two more at Shoreline Butte in the southernmost point of the lake; the northern foot of the Avawatz Mountains may have formed a peninsula on the southern shore. No river deltas or other embankments have been found at Lake Manly&#39;s shorelines; their formation was likely hampered by unstable water levels. Only vague remnants of a delta are found where the Amargosa River probably entered Lake Manly, and the alluvial fan of Warm Springs Canyon is cut by shorelines of Lake Manly. Chevrons and pisolites have been found in lake sediments. A number of alluvial fans decorate the former shores of Lake Manly.</p><br>
<h3>Shorelines</h3><br>
<p>Landforms associated with Lake Manly have been identified at a number of points in Death Valley. At Beatty Junction, winds on the lake formed several spits and barrier bars. Shorelines at Desolation Canyon also included spits and a tombolo. Just south of Desolation Canyon, the so-called Manly Terraces are a group of 850 m and 300 m terraces. At least 12 different terraces have been found at Shoreline Butte.</p><br>
<p>A number of bars and spits formed on the shores of Lake Manly and are preserved to this day. Some rocks in shoreline deposits left by the lake display evidence of honeycomb weathering. The southern shore of Lake Manly was formed by alluvial fans that had coalesced at the foot of the Avawatz Mountains; these fans are still growing and displacing the Amargosa River eastwards. Some sand and gravel deposits at Salt Spring Hills with elevations of about 180 m may have been formed by either Lake Manly or another paleolake south of Death Valley, Lake Dumont.</p><br>
<p>The shores of Lake Manly were influenced by wave action. These waves probably came predominantly from the north-northwest, causing near shore material to be transported to the south. This also explains why most of the shore features are found on the eastern shores of the lake as these were the most exposed to wave action.</p><br>
<p>It is not always clear whether a strandline is actually a strand line or a surface expression of fault activity; some supposed lower strandlines at Mormon Point were later reinterpreted as fault scarps.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The size of pluvial lakes, such as Lake Manly, is governed by the balance between inflow by precipitation or rivers or streams and evaporation, if one assumes that seepage and overflow are not important. This can make the surface of such lakes a useful gauge for paleoclimatic conditions. The principal water supplies to Lake Manly were the Amargosa River, the Mojave River and the Owens River, which yielded a large integrated drainage system over the southwestern Great Basin. The total surface area of Lake Manly&#39;s catchment was about 65,806 km&sup2;. It is likely, however, that the three rivers never reached Lake Manly simultaneously.</p><br>
<h3>Inflow</h3><br>
<p>The principal river flowing into Lake Manly was the Amargosa River. It originally ended in Lake Tecopa; only more recently than 600,000 years ago did it arrive at Death Valley, possibly as recently as 140,000 to 18,000 years ago. Even earlier, the Amargosa River may have flowed towards the Colorado River.</p><br>
<p>The Mojave River may have reached the Amargosa and thus drained into Lake Manly, but probably only during wet periods, and only since the most recent Pleistocene; the breaching of the intermediary lakes Lake Manix, Lake Mojave, and Lake Dumont occurred later than 18,000 years before present, and earlier overflow is uncertain. Before the time where it flowed into these lakes, the Mojave River drained westward. Overflow from Lake Mojave may have continued until 8,000 years ago. The Mojave River reached the Amargosa through Silurian Valley and Salt Creek; on its way it crossed Dry Lake, Silurian Lake and another pond at the foot of the Salt Spring Hills. Currently, the integration of the Mojave River into Death Valley is nearly complete; once the basin of Lake Mojave has been filled completely with sediment to the altitude of its own spillway, even under current conditions its waters will reach Death Valley.</p><br>
<p>At least during the Tahoe glaciation, the Owens River drained into Lake Manly after filling Owens Lake, China Lake, Searles Lake and the Panamint Valley. This river system formed 3.2 million years ago when lava flows blocked a channel that had previously drained the Owens River across the Sierra Nevada. Sediment data indicate that 900,000–800,000 and 700,000–600,000 years ago waters from Panamint Valley reached Lake Manly, as chloride was being removed from the valley at that time. Increased precipitation and the formation of glaciers on the eastern Sierra Nevada increased the amount of water in the Owens River, and decreased temperatures reduced evaporation at each of these lakes, thus allowing water to get from lake to lake. When Panamint Lake reached a water depth of 900 ft, it spilled over Wingate Pass into Lake Manly. Little evidence of such spillover remains, such as delta-like deposits at Anvil Spring Canyon, ostracod data and the presence of northupite; strontium isotope data suggest that the Owens River system was a minor contributor to Lake Manly. Sediments in Panamint Valley suggest that the last time that Panamint Valley overflowed into Death Valley was 95,000–55,000 years ago although the dates display a lot of scatter; during the Tioga glaciation, the Owens River stopped in Lake Searles, considering that lower shorelines at Lake Searles do not appear to correspond to any shoreline in Panamint Valley and Death Valley, and no evidence has been found at Wingate Pass for overflow after 30,000 years ago. Runoff from the region that the Owens River originates from may have contributed to Lake Manly during the Pliocene, most likely through different paths however. Whether Owens River water reached Lake Manly between 1.2 and 0.6–0.51 million years ago is unclear.</p><br>
<p>These rivers in turn received inflow from other paleolakes, such as Lake Pahrump which drained into the Amargosa River, Lake Dumont/Lake Manix/Lake Mojave which were passed through by the Mojave River, and after 1.6 million years ago Lake Russell (present day Mono Lake) through the Owens River. This later connection is biologically significant as Mono Lake was variously connected with the San Joaquin River and Lake Lahontan; thus it could have been a pathway for life to propagate between these water systems, a notion supported by fish fossil data. Lake Lahontan might have drained into Lake Manly; one potential pathway would be from the Walker Lake basin over Soda Springs Valley, Fish Lake Valley and Eureka Valley where it may have been joined by overflow from Deep Springs Valley. All these valleys are at successively lower elevations.</p><br>
<p>Overall, this formed a large system of interconnected lakes, the largest of the Great Basin and also the basin&#39;s largest catchment. In total, runoff at the time of Lake Manly was at least 3.5 times larger than today. A southward shift of the polar front may have aided the formation of Lake Manly.</p><br>
<p>Further water reached the lake from streams in the Amargosa Mountains and the Panamint Mountains, where water originates from snowmelt. Presently, the main inflows are from Salt Creek from the north and the Amargosa River, with springs around the basin contributing a large proportion of the present day water budget in the valley. Other such streams include Furnace Creek, Hanaupah Canyon, Point Canyon, Six Springs Canyon and Willow Springs Canyon.</p><br>
<p>Springs also contributed water to Lake Manly, especially during the early lake stage. These springs would have helped stabilize the water levels. In turn, Lake Manly would have affected the local water table. The brines and evaporites indicate that spring water contributed to the hydrology of Lake Manly. Present day groundwater originates primarily from Spring Mountain.</p><br>
<h3>Outlet</h3><br>
<p>According to early researchers, Lake Manly had no outlet and its water level would have been governed exclusively by the balance of inflow and evaporation. Biological evidence, however, such as fossil pupfish, indicates that connections to the Colorado River existed, then ceased about 3-2 million years ago. More generally, evidence for Miocene drainage of Death Valley to the Pacific Ocean exists.</p><br>
<p>A major research issue remains as to whether Lake Manly ever drained into the Colorado River. Such a drainage may have occurred through Broadwell Lake across the 1,900 ft high pass close to Ludlow, and entered the Colorado close to present-day Parker, Arizona, after passing through Bristol Lake, Cadiz Lake and Lake Danby. Potentially such an overflow, if it existed, would have reached rates of 2,000 m3/s.</p><br>
<p>There is no evidence that Lake Manly reached such an elevation, though shorelines may have been obscured by later alluvial fans. A prominent channel, 9 m deep and 30 -, over Ash Hill (the pass in question) may have been the overflow channel, but it could also be the product of local runoff. Further, there is no indication that Bristol Lake, the lake that water from an overflow would have entered into, was ever filled with freshwater in the last four million years; though foraminifera correlated with the Colorado River have been found, and some sedimentary and fish evolutionary data likewise support it.</p><br>
<h3>Water composition</h3><br>
<p>As an endorheic lake, Lake Manly was naturally a saltwater lake. The waters would have had less saline at highstand than during growth and regression stages. Further, given that most water inflow occurred from the south, waters probably were less saline there. During the dry period before the last lake stage, salt accumulated at a rate of 1.7 mm/year. Salinity did not exceed 10,000 ppm and sometimes did not even reach 3,000 ppm, considering data taken from ostracods.</p><br>
<p>The composition of lake deposits suggests that calcium-rich springs associated with a crustal magma chamber in the southern Death Valley contributed sizable quantities of water to the lake; this magma chamber is also correlated to a 700,000 years old cinder cone in southern Death Valley.</p><br>
<p>140,000 and 135,000 years before present, Panamint Valley drained relatively alkaline waters into Lake Manly. This composition is also supported by the presence of alkali-liking ostracods in lake deposits, and by patterns of erosion on lake deposits.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The mean annual temperature of Death Valley is about 26 &deg;C, due in part to its relatively low elevation; July temperatures exceed 38 &deg;C on average. Based on plant data, summer temperatures at Lake Manly during the Pleistocene were about 6–8 °C (11–14 °F) lower than present day; Yucca whipplei was found at altitudes too cold for its development, suggesting that middle altitudes winters were milder 12,000–10,000 years ago. Winter water temperatures may have dropped below 10 &deg;C however, occasionally falling below 0 &deg;C with a maxima of 19 - during the latest lake stage. The "Blackwelder" stage had higher maximum temperatures. Maximum temperatures were depressed by 4–15 °C (7–27 °F) during summers in the last highstand; Blackwelder highstand temperatures reached 25 -, however.</p><br>
<p>Death Valley has a dry climate, owing to the rain shadow formed by the Panamint Range and the Sierra Nevada, which is enhanced by the relative depth of the valley. Thus less than 50 mm precipitation fall every year, and large year-to-year variations are observed. Much of this rainfall is transported by winter storms, although summer thunderstorms and tropical storms also contribute. The depression of the forest line in Death Valley suggests that during the Pleistocene, rainfall was three or four times what it is today. Based on hydrological modelling, a temperature drop of about 10 &deg;C and 2.5 times today&#39;s precipitation would be needed to recreate the last highstand of Lake Manly.</p><br>
<p>Lake Manly was probably windier than present-day Death Valley, as present day winds would not be strong enough to push some of the rocks that were moved along Lake Manly&#39;s shores; wind speeds of over 31 m/s would be needed. Later research reduced this requirement to about 14 -, which is consistent with estimated present day wind speeds in Death Valley. The topography of the valley would have generated northerly winds over Lake Manly, but strong southwesterly winds also contributed to the formation of beach deposits.</p><br>
<p>Wave heights have been estimated at about 0.76 - with heights of about 1.35 - needed to transport beach material, enough to form backwash and swash. Wave activity was most pronounced in the southern and northern parts of Lake Manly.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Some inferences on the biota of Lake Manly can be made on the basis of analogous lakes such as Mono Lake and Great Salt Lake and on the streams that drain into Death Valley. Shared species are considered evidence not only for the integration of regional river systems, but also for connections with more remote water systems such as the Colorado River. Such a connection to the Colorado River may have occurred through the White River and Las Vegas Valley, through the Amargosa River or an earlier course of the Mojave River into Bristol Lake. Alternatively, migratory birds might have dispersed animals between the watersheds. Species dwelling in groundwater also existed in the lake.</p><br>
<p>Some tufa deposits were formed by blue-green algae, including charophytes and a foraminiferan, Elphidium. Ostracod species which existed in Lake Manly include Candona caudata, Candona rawsoni, Cyprideis beaconensis, Limnocythere ceriotuberosa, Limnocythere sappaensis and Limnocythere staplini. Stromatolites were active in ponds behind the beaches of Lake Manly.</p><br>
<p>Species that inhabited the lake probably included the brine fly larvae, brine shrimp and molluscs like Anodonta and Carinifex. Present day endemic aquatic fauna includes amphipods, hemipterans and springtails. The integrated river system may have aided the spread of the spider Saltonia incerta.</p><br>
<p>Nineteen different species of Tyoria springsnails occur within the Lake Manly system, more specifically in the Owens River and Amargosa River valleys. An early connection between the Amargosa River and the Colorado River may have propagated these animals between the two river systems.</p><br>
<p>Much research has been done on Death Valley fish, of which about 24 species have been described. Minnows like Agosia and Syphateles as well as the desert pupfish inhabit streams and probably lived in Lake Manly as well. The Lake Manly drainage system facilitated the spread of species of the genera Cyprinodon and Empetrichthys in the region, and of pupfish more generally. After 10,000 years before present this drainage system disappeared and distinct pupfish species evolved. Pupfish may have entered Death Valley through the Owens River, or through an earlier Pliocene river system, probably forming an unified breeding population. The speciation of Cyprinodon nevadensis and Cyprinodon salinus may have occurred in just a few thousand years after the drying of Lake Manly. Cyprinodon has been present in Death Valley since the late Miocene-early Pliocene. Now-extinct Fundulus species existed during the Miocene in Death Valley.</p><br>
<p>The shores of the lake supported bird populations. Vegetation including sagebrush probably covered mountain slopes, with higher slopes containing juniper, pine, and Utah juniper forests. Forests during the Pleistocene extended down from 610 m altitude; presently only land above 1,910 m is forested. At even lower altitudes shadscale and yucca fossils have been found.</p><br>
<p>The occurrence of lizards of the Uma family is associated with paleoriver-paleolake systems, they tend to favor their propagation. One clade of Uma scoparia is associated with the Lake Manly system. The California vole was likewise propagated between the Mojave River and Amargosa River systems by the Lake Manly drainage.</p><br>
<p>Freshwater lakes would also be suitable habitats for the establishment of humans. Various potentially man-made tools were found on Manly Terrace. These include scrapers, gravers and lesser amounts of drills and blades. This human activity probably occurred at the time of the last highstand of Lake Manly, during the Wisconsin glaciation. The human origin of these artifacts has been contested however, because they appear to resemble natural rocks from the area.</p><br>
<h2>Chronology</h2><br>
<p>Lake Manly existed during the late Pleistocene, in the early Wisconsin glaciation (Tahoe stage). Originally, it was believed that Lake Manly did not exist during the Tioga glaciation, and it was assumed that Lake Manly existed in only one stage.</p><br>
<p>Later evidence, such as drilling core data, indicates two distinct lake stages, one 185,000–128,000 years ago and another 35,000–10,000 years ago. This corresponds to oxygen isotope stage 6 and 2 respectively. Between 120,000 and 60,000 years ago there was no lake in Death Valley, and separate saline lakes existed between 60,000 and 35,000 years ago. Lake levels in Lake Manly appear to track the size of the Laurentide ice sheet but only very roughly so. Further, last glacial maximum highstands of Lake Manly appear to precede highstands of Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville, probably due to a northward shift of the jet stream.</p><br>
<h3>Earliest highstands</h3><br>
<p>According to some evidence, a southeastward flowing river occupied northern Death Valley during the late Miocene, and was gone by 3.35 million years ago. This river system started in the Cottonwood Mountains – possibly as far as Last Chance Range and Owens Valley – and passed through northern Death Valley into the Amargosa Valley, possibly into the Colorado River.</p><br>
<p>A Pliocene stage is documented in southern Death Valley, and a lake in the Furnace Creek basin of northern Death Valley reached a highstand 3.35 million years ago; a number of tephra layers provide controls on the ages of this lake. Thus, a very early lake existed in northern Death Valley between 3.5 and 1.7 million years ago, or between 3.4 and &lt;3 million years ago. Such a lake was connected with the Owens Valley because Coso volcanic field tuffs have been found in Death Valley. The basins occupied by early lakes were probably not the same as those of Lake Manly; tectonic deformation has lifted the Nova basin above the current floor of Death Valley. This lake was most likely of limited extent. The 1.7–1.9-million-year-old Glass Mountain tuffs formed deposits in such early lakes.</p><br>
<p>In the early and middle Pleistocene, the Amargosa River and Mojave River ended in terminal lakes before reaching Death Valley, and it is not clear that the Owens River could overflow from Panamint Valley into Death Valley. Tephra interbedded with lake deposits indicates that a pre-Lake Manly existed between 1.2–0.8 million and 665,000 years before present. Simultaneous highstands in other Great Basin lakes such as Lake Bonneville may be correlated with this lake stage, which occurred during marine isotope stage 16. It is not clear whether this was one lake or several disconnected lakes. Other old lake stands may have occurred 510,000 years ago and 216,000–194,000 years before present; shorelines from the latter stand are presently at altitudes of 73 -. The existence of Lake Manly 1,000,000–600,000 years ago is possible but questionable; yet older lake formations have been variously dated between 3.7 and 0.77 million years ago. These formations are known as "Lake Manly phase 1" or "Lake Zabriskie".</p><br>
<h3>Blackwelder highstand</h3><br>
<p>The highest shoreline at elevations of 90 - has been named Blackwelder stand, after a researcher who first examined the fossil shorelines. It appears to belong to the first (Illinoian) stage of the lake, but was originally thought to belong to the second (Wisconsinian) stage, during oxygen isotope stage 6. Additional shorelines associated with this highstand are found at elevations of 47 -. Uranium-thorium dating has linked this shoreline to the older highstand, about 186,000–120,000 years before present; an alternative proposal linking the Blackwelder stand with a wet period in Lake Searles 1.3–1 million years ago conflicts with other dates. The uranium-thorium dates and others of the Blackwelder stand are not beyond all doubts, however. A brief dry period may have occurred 148,000 years ago, possibly caused by a temporary damming of the Amargosa River. Ostracod data indicates two separate highstands 154,500–149,000 and 122,000–120,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Depending on the rate of tectonic sinking, the lake at the early stage was 175 m and up to 335 m deep. The Sperry terrace in Amargosa Canyon appears to be of the same general age as the Blackwelder highstand. During this time the Amargosa River and Owens River reached Lake Manly. Ostracod fossils from this lake stage suggest that the lake&#39;s conditions varied during this timespan.</p><br>
<p>This shoreline is found at Mormon Point, Shoreline Butte and elsewhere in the northern Death Valley but not in the south; one theory states that shorelines at elevations of 180 m (Salt Spring and Saddle Springs) and 340 m (Mesquite Spring at Soda Lake) are Blackwelder shorelines that were offset by tectonic deformation at a geologically reasonable rate of 2 mm/year. Such would imply that Soda Lake and Silver Lake during the Blackwelder stand were connected with Lake Manly; this theory is known as "mega Lake Manly". Such an expansion would have occurred whenever the lake levels rose above 178 m above sea level and thus could flow south across Salt Spring Hills; the enlargement of the lake surface that resulted would have increased evaporation and stabilized lake levels. There is no clear cut evidence that these shorelines are of the same age as the Blackwelder shoreline, although they are of similar appearance. The spread of pupfish between the Mojave River and Death Valley drainages would also be more likely with such a lake configuration.</p><br>
<p>There is no indication that Soda Lake playa had a lake during oxygen isotope stage 6, although water currents in a previous lake may have transported sands that are usually only found in ephemeral lakes through a deeper lake. Further, based on dating, shorelines at Salt Spring appear to belong to the later lake stage, and the tectonic deformation required to link the two southern shorelines to the Blackwelder has been deemed implausible, and has not been supported by analysis of the shorelines themselves. A final explanation assumes that during that stage, Lake Manly did not extend into southern Death Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Blackwelder highstand was probably not stabilized by overflow seeing as the only spillway close to Ludlow is about 595 m high above sea level – considerably higher than the Blackwelder highstand could plausibly be – and the highest shorelines at Shoreline Butte and Lake Mojave are considerably lower. Additionally, the development of stable shorelines does not by default require an overflow, as demonstrated by the Dead Sea and its precursor Lake Lisan.</p><br>
<h3>Later lake stages</h3><br>
<p>By 130,000–120,000 years ago, Lake Manly had retreated from the Blackwelder highstand. A further lake stage may have occurred during oxygen isotope stage 4, but evidence is equivocal. Ostracod fossils dated between 129,000 and 123,000 years ago indicate that Death Valley was wetter than today and supported several hydrological environments. Between 54,000 and 50,000 years ago various shallow phases of Lake Manly occurred.</p><br>
<p>The later lake stage which occurred during the Wisconsin glaciation/Weichselian glaciation was not as large as the Blackwelder lake stage; at first it was suggested that only small lakes occupied Death Valley during that time. The later lake was shallower, with tufas dated at 25,000 and 18,000 years before present having formed at elevations of -22 to -30 m. That lake was probably shallow, with estimated depths of 64 -. Later research indicated that late Lake Manly was even shallower, probably because regional climate conditions favorable to its growth were rarer during the later lake stage than at Blackwelder times. Further, it may have been dominated more by groundwater discharge.</p><br>
<p>The last glacial maximum lake had a surface area of about 1,600 km&sup2;. This lake stage had highstands approximately 26,000, 18,000 and 12,000 years before present, which have been named "DVLP-1" ("Death Valley Late Pleistocene lake high-stand"), "DVLP-2" and "DVLP-3" respectively. Some radiocarbon dates have been obtained on this lake, including 12,980 ± 700 and 11,900 ± 200. The recession commenced before 12,970 ± 185 years ago.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>By 12,000 years before present, Lake Manly had shrunk to the Badwater basin and was probably only 2 m deep. This drying event separated various Cyprinodon populations from each other, triggering the evolution of individual species with restricted distribution. Based on the state of preservation of shoreline deposits (e.g. at Hanaupah Fan), the retreat of the lake was probably much faster than its growth.</p><br>
<p>After 10,000 years before present, the lake did not exist anymore, although some evidence for a Holocene lake has been found. A minor lacustrine period occurred between 5,000 and 2,000 years ago; this lake was larger than Lake Mead and probably existed for less than 100 years. Its shorelines have been found at elevations of -260 to -240 ft.</p><br>
<p>Since then, only a pond in Badwater basin remains, and the valley is hot and dry. The rest of the valley floor is filled with mudflats and salt pans. Salt Creek and some springs are the only freshwater present. Floods of the Mojave River are lost before reaching Death Valley. Current evaporation rates and climate conditions do not allow the existence of perennial lakes in Death Valley.</p><br>
<p>The bulk of present-day water in Death Valley is supplied by groundwater discharge. The Amargosa River is mostly underground, but occasionally it can flood and reach Death Valley. Parts of Death Valley are sometimes flooded during wet weather, causing parts of Lake Manly to reform. Legend has it that such happens only every hundred years. Severe flooding in March 2005 resulted in parts of Death Valley becoming submerged. This precipitation event broke records dating back to 1911 and was followed by a major desert bloom. Such lake refillings are usually associated with El Niño events.</p><br>
<p>The Hôtel de Bernuy in rue Léon Gambetta,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The facade of Hôtel de Bernuy was built between 1503 to 1504, while the gothic brick courtyard and its tower were constructed from 1530 to 1533 for the Renaissance stone courtyard. The owner was a rich woad merchant, Jean de Bernuy, a Spanish Jew who had fled the inquisition and was credit-worthy enough to be the main guarantor of the ransomed King Francis I after his capture at the Battle of Pavia by Charles V of Spain.</p><br>
<p>It is an original example of Renaissance palaces architecture of Toulouse, with a stone decoration of the cour d&#39;honneur (courtyard) influenced by Spanish Plateresque. The use of brick in the gothic courtyard is typical of Toulouse, while the use of stone in the Renaissance courtyard is rare and indicates the wealth of the owner.</p><br>
<h2>Pictures</h2><br>
<p>Hôtel de Bernuy - Toulouse - Porche.jpg</p><br>
<p>Tour 2 Hôtel de Bernuy - Toulouse.JPG</p><br>
<p>Hôtel de Bernuy - Toulouse.jpg</p><br>
<p>Voute Hôtel de Bernuy - Toulouse.JPG</p><br>
<p>Chou Hotel de Bernuy - Toulouse.JPG</p><br>
<p>Privat hôtel de Bernuy - Toulouse.JPG</p><br>
<p>Cour Hôtel de Bernuy - Toulouse.JPG</p><br>
<p>Cour 2 Hôtel de Bernuy - Toulouse.JPG</p><br>
<p>Détail Cour de l&#39;hôtel de Bernuy - Toulouse.JPG</p><br>
<p>The David Sherman House is a historic house on Middle Quarter Road in Woodbury, Connecticut. Built about 1760, it is a well-preserved example of Colonial architecture. In 1781, David Sherman is reported to have hosted a ball for officers of the French Army of the Comte de Rochambeau during their march across Connecticut. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The David Sherman House is located in southern Woodbury, on the west side of Middle Quarter Road a short way south of its junction with Old Sherman Hill Road. It shares a lot with a commercial property fronting on Conneticut Route 64, from which it is partially screened by vegetation. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof, off-center central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. It is four bays wide, with the main entrance in the center-right bay, in front of the chimney. The entry surround, probably of early 19th century date, has fluted pilasters and a corniced entablature; the rest of the house&#39;s trim is quite simple. A 1-1/2 story ell, built about 1817, extends to the rear of the main block, which exhibits a saltbox profile.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1760. Its principal significance is in the events of 1781, when the French forces of the Expédition Particulière passed through the region, en route from Providence, Rhode Island to the Siege of Yorktown in the American Revolutionary War. According to local histories first recorded in the 1870s, David Sherman offered some of those troops apples and apple cider, and hosted a social event for officers who had encamped at Newtown, and could reach his house by horse. The event was probably one of the last such social occasions for the French, who went onto tighter discipline after departing Newtown and approaching British-occupied New York City.</p><br>
<p>The Pauli Murray Center for History and Social Justice is a community organization dedicated to preserving and propagating the legacy of Pauli Murray , a pioneering legal advocate of African-American civil rights in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It is located at the former Pauli Murray Family Home at 906 Carroll Street in Durham, North Carolina, the house where Murray was raised. In 2015, the property was named a national treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The Pauli Murray Center is located in Durham&#39;s West End, on a.27-acre plot of land on the west side of Carroll Street north of Morehead Avenue. The building, unlike its neighbors, is set back from the street, from which it is separated by a long lawn. It is a modest -story frame building and was more commonly referred to as "a story and a jump" due to the small, low-ceilinged second floor. It has a side gable roof and its exterior is clad in German siding. A gable rises above the front entrance, which is sheltered by a porch. The house is not architecturally distinguished.</p><br>
<h3>Building history</h3><br>
<p>The maternal grandparents of Pauli Murray, Robert and Cornelia Fitzgerald, purchased the once-larger, one-acre parcel of land in 1898 for $200. The present house was built soon afterward. It is here that Murray was raised, by her grandparents and aunts, from the age of three after her mother died. Education was emphasized in this environment, and Murray went on to a long and varied career as a civil rights activist, legal theorist, writer, and Episcopalian priest. She was on the forefront of attempts to gain admission to racially segregated institutions of higher learning in the 1930s, and experimented with acts of civil disobedience against racial segregation in the American South that would become important elements of the successful civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s. She wrote legal treatises and court briefs that have shaped a generation of civil rights jurisprudence and legislation, and wrote a seminal work describing in detail the segregationist laws of each state. United States Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg explicitly credited Murray as a contributor to some of her legal briefs advancing the rights of women.</p><br>
<p>Murray described her memories of the house In her 1956 memoir, Proud Shoes: The Story of An American Family. She wrote that, after her grandfather Robert Fitzgerald was blinded during the Civil War, he supervised the building of the house by touch. “It was as if he had built himself into the structure, for it had his stubborn character,” she wrote, adding that the house “was more than a home; it was a monument to Grandfather’s courage and tenacity.”</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>The restoration project began in July 2015, when the Pauli Murray Center for History and Social Justice received a $4,500 grant from the National Trust for Historic Preservation to produce a historic structure report on the Pauli Murray home. The project was directed by Barbara Lau of the Duke Human Rights Center at the Franklin Humanities Institute. The report was meant to inform rehabilitation plans and provide a framework for forming a historic center at the site. The report compiled previous research, produced new research, and included information from experts.</p><br>
<p>Later in 2015, after the report was published, Iron Mountain, an information management company, provided additional funding to the Pauli Murray Center for History and Social Justice. This money enabled the organization to start preserving the foundation of the home and making exterior renovations to reverse neglect, water damage, and partial demolition.</p><br>
<p>By 2016, the project was underway. Funds from Iron Mountain and The Marion Stedman Covington Foundation were used to restore the exterior of the house to its appearance in photos taken between 1898 and 1906. Missing features, such as doors, the front porch, and windows, have been replicated. The home was also jacked up six inches in the center, the foundation was replaced, and new piers were laid to replace the ones damaged due to runoff from the public cemetery nearby. The color of the exterior was also changed from white to a blue gray shade to match the home’s look in 1910.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the National Park Service awarded the Pauli Murray Center for Historical and Social Justice a $237,575 grant through its National Park Service African American Civil Rights Grant Program. The Pauli Murray Project has started to use this money to rehabilitate the interior of the home.</p><br>
<h2>Planned museum</h2><br>
<p>The Pauli Murray Center for Historical and Social Justice plans for the restored house to operate as a museum set to open in 2020. This museum will serve as a community center for education, history, and social justice. However, due to limitations, such as the small size of the house and the fact that the Center only owns a single artifact—Pauli Murray’s address book—the house will not be a traditional museum. Instead, it will make use of text panels and interactive exhibits to tell Murray’s story. It will also host a variety of community programming.</p><br>
<p>The Brinson Family Historic District in Brinson, Georgia is a 14 acre historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It has six contributing buildings and two other contributing structures.</p><br>
<p>It includes the 1901-built Brinson Methodist Church, its parsonage, and four other houses, all associated with the Brinson family.</p><br>
<p>It includes the Homer Hodges Brinson House, the Simeon Brinson House, the O&#39;Neal-Brinson House and the Brinson-Russell House.</p><br>
<p>The district is also notable for its landscape architecture, in particular "for the extensively and historically landscaped yards of the individual houses in the district and for its historic pecan grove and street trees."</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Church in Abbots Leigh within the English county of Somerset is a 15th-century Perpendicular Gothic building, restored and partially rebuilt in 1847–48 after a fire. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of the church may have been occupied by a small chapel or Saxon hermitage. Parts of the present building may be remnants of a 13th century structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1848 the church was damaged by fire. Much of the building was damaged and had to be rebuilt however the tower and chancel remain from the original building.</p><br>
<p>The parish and benefice of Abbots Leigh with Leigh Woods is within the Diocese of Bristol.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The stone building has a slate roof to the nave. There are north and south aisles, a chancel with a ribbed roof, south porch and vestry.</p><br>
<p>The three-stage west tower is supported by diagonal buttresses and topped by an embattled parapet. The tower has six bells, three of which were cast in 1781 by William Bilbie of the Bilbie family.</p><br>
<p>Within the church are various monuments and memorials including one to Sir George Norton of Leigh Court.</p><br>
<p>In the churchyard is a late medieval octagonal cross.</p><br>
<p>The Skilton Road Bridge is a historic stone arch bridge, carrying Skilton Road across the Nonewaug River in northwestern Watertown, Connecticut. The bridge was built in 1865-66, and is a rare well-preserved example of a mid-19th century stone bridge. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Skilton Road Bridge is located in a rural-residential area of northwestern Watertown, spanning the Nonewaug River between Hinman Road and Hickory Lane. The bridge has an overall length of 35 ft, with a single arch spanning 20 ft. It is made of dry laid local stone, and is built on a stone ledge on one side and a stone abutment on the other. The stones which form the barrel of the arch are roughly worked, while those filling the spandrels show little evidence of work. The arch is a slightly asymmetrical segmented arch, probably due to the difficulties involved in working at the site. The bridge is 16 ft wide, and carries a single lane of traffic.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built either in 1865-66, after the town voted in 1865 to fund its construction; Skilton Road was at the time the major route between Watertown and Bethlehem. Stone, a more expensive construction material than wood, was probably chosen because of its longer lifespan, and because a mill dam just upstream (now breached) whose breach would have caused flooding that would endanger a wooden bridge. This bridge is fairly typical of mid-19th century stone bridges, which were once quite numerous in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Jason Skinner House is a historic house at 21 Wintergreen Circle in Harwinton, Connecticut. Built about 1845, it is a well-preserved local example of a vernacular Greek Revival farmhouse. Originally located in a rural setting, it was disassembled and moved to its present location near the town offices in 1985. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Jason Skinner House stands on the south side of Wintergreen Circle, a loop of public housing adjacent to the municipal office and library complex in central Harwinton. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof, interior brick chimneys, and a clapboarded exterior. It has wide corner pilasters rising to an entablature. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by a transom window and cornice. The interior rooms retain some original woodwork and features period to its construction.</p><br>
<p>The house was built sometime in the mid-1840s by Jason Skinner, a prosperous local farmer. It was located on the eastern shore of Valley View Pond, a rural setting south of its present location. In 1985, it was carefully disassembled and moved to its present location. Some of its deteriorated and vandalized elements were replaced with reproductions, and 20th-century interior elements where modernized. The house now serves as the offices of the local public housing authority.</p><br>
<p>The Bainbridge Residential Historic District in Bainbridge, Georgia is an irregularly shaped 125 acre historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It then had 197 contributing buildings and 76 non-contributing ones. The overall plan of the neighborhood was also deemed to be a contributing resource.</p><br>
<p>The district encompasses the largest and only intact historic neighborhood in Bainbridge. It includes houses of numerous 19th-and early 20th-century house styles and sizes.</p><br>
<p>Two antebellum houses, both built around 1850, are included in the district:</p><br>
<p>the Farrar House at 501 East Evans Street, a two-story simplified Greek Revival style house, with a monumental two-story entry porch, and</p><br>
<p>the Barrel House at 627 East Planter Street, a one-story house with square pillars and pilasters on its inset front verandah.</p><br>
<p>Most houses in the area were built between 1880 and 1930, in subdivisions that merged.</p><br>
<p>The NRHP nomination notes that "One of the architecturally interesting streets in the southwest section of the district is Washington Street, which contains a large collection of pyramidal roofed houses. These one-story frame structures are dominated by their seemingly oversized roofs, with ornamentation limited to turned columns on the front porches. This house type can also be found in the northeast part of the district, on Georgia Avenue, historically a black neighborhood."</p><br>
<p>The Kilnaruane Pillar Stone is a carved monolith and National Monument located in County Cork, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Kilnaruane Pillar Stone is located about 1.6 km (1 mile) southwest of Bantry, atop a drumlin, in a square enclosure in a field.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A monastery may have been founded here by Brendan in the 6th century AD.</p><br>
<p>The pillar was erected in the 8th or 9th century AD. The name may refer to "Church of the Romans", and a community which accepted the Roman dating of Easter, a major controversy in the early Middle Ages.</p><br>
<p>The monastic settlement on the site may have been destroyed by a Viking attack.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stone is a thin schist pillar 2.1 m tall.</p><br>
<p>On the northeast face:</p><br>
<p>Celtic knot</p><br>
<p>an orans (praying figure)</p><br>
<p>Greek cross</p><br>
<p>Saints Anthony the Great and Paul the Hermit meeting in the desert: both were important figures in Christian monasticism. A raven flies down from heaven with a loaf of bread to feed them</p><br>
<p>On the southwest face</p><br>
<p>Celtic knot</p><br>
<p>Two pairs of sheep/goats with interlocked horns — this is now the symbol of the Sheep&#39;s Head peninsula</p><br>
<p>a currach boat with four oarsmen and one figure steering the rowers through a sea of crosses. This could be Brendan or Cessair.</p><br>
<p>Mortises on either side of the pillar were probably for attaching arms of the cross. Nearby are stone fragments, possibly a bullaun or the arms of the high cross.</p><br>
<p>Chōshichiyachi Shell Midden is an early Jōmon period archaeological site in the city of Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. The remains were designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1981 by the Japanese government.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The location of the shell midden is on a river terrace on the right bank of the Gonohe River in northern Hachinohe, at an altitude of approximately 10 to 20 meters. The area was first surveyed by the Aomori Prefectural Cultural Heritage Expert Committee in 1958, and excavated extensively from 1977-1979 when the site became endangered by the construction on the nearby Kurono Industrial Park.</p><br>
<p>The site dates from the initial Jōmon period (7000 BC) and the shell midden consisted of four separate middens with an average thickness of 40-50 centimeters, increasing to 1.1 meter near the remains of dwellings, indicating that the site had been occupied for many centuries, however no remains of pit dwellings have been discovered.</p><br>
<p>The midden contained the remnants of some 30 varieties of shellfish, bones of nine types of animals, three types of birds, birds and at least 20 different varieties of fish and an extremely large number of Hamaguri shells, indicating the importance of these clams in the early Jōmon period diet. Some of the shellfish in the midden are no longer found in the area, indicating that the ocean temperatures during this period were warmer than at present. The midden also contained shards of pottery marked with cord-patterns, as well as stone tools and implements and objects fashioned from bone (fishing hooks, needles, hairpins, etc.).</p><br>
<p>Some of the fish bones were oceanic species (such as bonito and sea bass), and the presence of combination fish hooks and open socketed harpoon heads indicates that the local inhabitants had the capability of offshore fishing as well as gathering of marine resources from inner bay areas.</p><br>
<p>Many of the artifacts recovered from the site are on display at the Hachinohe City Museum. There are no public facilities at the site.</p><br>
<p>The site has been submitted for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List as one of the Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Northern Tōhoku, and other regions</p><br>
<p>Oktyabrsky Island  is an island in the Pregolya River in Kaliningrad, capital of Kaliningrad Oblast, an exclave of Russia. The island, covering about 10 km&sup2;, is immediately east  of the city&#39;s historic centre. When Kaliningrad was the German Königsberg, the island was called Lomse  and largely used for grazing, except for the district of Lomse at its western end. Since the 2010s the island has been extensively redeveloped around the Kaliningrad Stadium, being constructed for the 2018 FIFA World Cup due to be held in Russia.</p><br>
<h2>River channels</h2><br>
<p>The German name for the Pregolya River was the Pregel. The two channels of the Pregel, flowing to the north and south of Lomse Island, were called Neuer ("new") or Samländischer ("of Sambia") and Alter ("old") or Natangischer ("of Natangia") respectively.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A wooden bridge from Löbenicht was built in 1404, and the island was used to store wood. In the mid-15th century, the Germans built an earthen dam and began to dig canals to drain the land, converting it from unused marshes to pastureland. Outside the developed western end of the island, building houses was prohibited as the soil was unstable. In the early 17th century, the government built a second belt of fortifications around Konigsberg, which included the Wiesen-Front trench and bastion crossing Lomse from north to south.</p><br>
<p>Tangotai Kofun Cluster is group of circular kofun burial mounds located southwest of the city of Hachinohe in Aomori Prefecture in the northern Tōhoku region of northern Japan. It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The Tangotai site is located on a sloping hill between the Mabechi and Dobashi Rivers., near the Pacific Ocean seacoast. An estimated 100 tombs were uncovered during construction of the “Hachinohe New Town” urban development project in 1987. The tombs are estimated to date from the late 7th century to the mid-9th century, and each consists of a circular mound between four and nine meters in diameter, covering a stone room with a central pit which held a wooden coffin. Numerous grave goods were uncovered from the 29 units which were full excavated in 1987-1988, including shards of Haji and Sue pottery, fragments of swords and metal agricultural implements, and thousands of spherical, magatama and tubular beads. Of particular interest was a decorated sword hilt discovered in Tomb 15, with a design similar to those made in Baekje on the Korean Peninsula in the late 6th century. Within Tomb 25 a Wadōkaichin coin minted in 708 AD was discovered. The relics are on display at the Hachinohe City Museum.</p><br>
<p>There are also a number of soil tombs around the main kofun complex, come of which contained the remains of horses.</p><br>
<p>The Tagotai Kofun cluster dates from a time when the area was still populated by the Emishi people and was beyond the control of the central Yamato government, yet it indicates the penetration and survival of late Kofun period culture beyond the political bounds of the central government, and hints at possible direct contact between the northern Tōhoku region of Japan and the Korean peninsula in prehistoric times.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, approximately 7000 hectares of the site received protection by the Japanese government as a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>Korekawa Site is a Jōmon period archaeological site in the city of Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. The remains were designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1957 by the Japanese government. It is also referred to as the Korekawa Stone Age site, although the remains discovered are from the Jōmon period, rather than the Japanese Paleolithic period.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The site consists of three locations: the Hotta Site (Middle Jōmon period), Ichioji Site (Early to Middle Jōmon period) and Nakai Site (Final Jōmon period), collectively called the Korekawa Site. The location is on a river terrace on the left bank of the Niida River, at an altitude of approximately 10 to 30 meters. The area was first excavated in the 1920s, and then much more extensively in 1962 and again from 1999 to 2004.</p><br>
<p>The size of the settlement during the middle to late Jōmon period (3000-1000 BC) was relatively small, but the site included the residential area, graveyard, work area, garbage midden and ritual place.</p><br>
<p>The garbage midden contained the remnants of various shellfish, bones of animals and fish and an extremely large number of Japanese horse chestnuts and walnuts, indicating the importance of these nuts in the Jōmon period diet. Of especial note were lacquerware items, both of decoration and for strengthening and preserving tools, which suggest systematic lacquer tool production activities.</p><br>
<p>The Nakai Site is also one of the type sites representing the Kamegaoka culture of the final phase of the Jōmon period (1000-300 BC).</p><br>
<p>Many of the artifacts recovered from the site are on display at the Hachinohe Archaelogical Institution - Korekawa Jomon Kan, a museum built at the site. In 2011, 330 items recovered from the site were designated as Important Cultural Properties by the Japanese government</p><br>
<p>The site has been submitted for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List as one of the Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Northern Tōhoku, and other regions</p><br>
<p>The Childs Sports Building is a historic private recreational sports facility on Windrow Road in Norfolk, Connecticut. Built in 1930, it is an architecturally distinctive stone building with medieval features, designed by Alfredo S.G. Taylor. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Childs Sports Building is located in a rural-residential setting south of the village center of Norfolk, on the north side of Windrow Road near its junction with Gamefield Road. This area is part of what was once a large country estate of the Childs family. The building is a 1-1/2 story masonry structure, built out of rough fieldstone and capped by a roof with clipped gables. It is roughly rectangular in plan, with a round turret rising at its northeast corner to a low-pitch conical roof. The interior and roof framing are done with massive timbers recycled from old barns, which were also the source of the rough planking on the interior walls. The ground floor offers indoor courts for playing squash, badminton, and fives, as well as mens and womens dressing rooms. The upper level has a trophy hall and a billiard room.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1930 to a design by New York City architect Alfredo S.G. Taylor. Taylor spent many summers in Norfolk, and is credited with more than thirty commissions in the community. A number of them share the medieval features used in this building: the rough rustic stone and wood finishes, and heavy slate roof. Details of the building were published in American Architect and Building News after its construction. Taylor&#39;s work for the Childs family also included the Starling Childs Camp on Doolittle Lake, and the Tom Thumb House.</p><br>
<p>Asseria is the name of an ancient hillfort settlement located at Podgrađe, Benkovac around 30 kilometres east of Zadar in Croatia.</p><br>
<p>The hillfort has traces of human residence from prehistory to the late Roman period. In pre-Roman times Asseria was an important centre in south Liburnia for the Asseriates tribe. It is mentioned by Pliny the Elder as being exempted by Rome from the payment of tribute. It was probably granted municipium status under Claudius and enrolled in the tribus Claudia.</p><br>
<p>Parts of Asseria&#39;s city walls have survived, as well as a triumphal arch erected in 113 AD during the time of Trajan. The city walls are ashlar work, predating Roman occupation. Excavations have uncovered the 1st-century Roman forum, as well as a likely basilica. Finds from the excavations are at the Archaeological Museum in Zadar.</p><br>
<p>The Dolni Glavanak Cromlech is an oval stone circle located 2 kilometres west of village of Dolni Glavanak, some 12 kilometres from town of Madzharovo, in Bulgaria. The site is referred to as a cromlech by analogy with similar monuments in Western Europe, but it is the only structure of its kind known in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site is situated on a low ridge-top above the left bank of the Arda river. It is enclosed on all sides and isolated from external influences. The circle consists of vertical, roughly-shaped, blocks of local hard volcanic rock (rhyodacite). The blocks are trapezooidal in shape, and are approximately 1.2 to 1.5 metres tall, and around 0.9 to 1.2 metres wide at the base, and 0.4 to 0.6 metres thick. Nine blocks still stand and three are now fallen. The vertical blocks are spaced at regular intervals, with smaller stones placed horizontally between them. The circle has an internal diameter of about 10 metres. There is an entrance on the southeast side.</p><br>
<p>There are two smaller structures in the vicinity. One is a 3-metre-wide oval enclosure constructed out of stones located around 15 metres southeast of the cromlech. The other is a slightly larger oval enclosure of the same type, with a diameter of about 6 metres, located around 19 metres south of the cromlech.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>The site was discovered and excavated by Georgi Nehrizov in around 1998–1999. These date the construction of the cromlech to the second phase of the Early Iron Age (8th–6th centuries BC). The two stone enclosures were in use around the same time, and finds of burnt human bone suggest a funereal use. The site continued in use into the late Iron Age.</p><br>
<p>Parța Neolithic Sanctuary refers to an excavated Neolithic cult-centre or shrine located on the right bank of the Timiș River at Parța, south of Timișoara, in Romania.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The sanctuary has been dated to around 5000 BC and is considered part of the Vinča culture. It is part of a wider complex of buildings and domestic settlement. The sanctuary building had raised altar-like pedestals and life-size figurine heads together with specially built granary areas. Statues consisted of large clay humanoid figures. A life-sized sculpture of a double-headed goddess stood near the entrance. The finds strongly suggest a local bull-cult, as bull&#39;s horns are present everywhere in the sanctuary, and cattle skulls were placed on a clay platform.</p><br>
<p>Finds from the excavations, together with a reconstruction of the sanctuary, can be found in the Museum of Banat in Timișoara.</p><br>
<p>Yeronisos  is a small island lying of the west coast of Cyprus, some 18 kilometres north of Paphos. Uninhabited since the 15th century, recent excavations have revealed it once held a sanctuary dedicated to Apollo in the late Hellenistic period.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The island which lies 280 metres from the shore of western Cyprus has been uninhabited since the 14th or 15th century. It has an area of 26000 square metres and rises 21.65 metres from sea level. Geologically the island consists of a hard calcarenite crust of Pleistocene marine terraces overlying a soft marl core.</p><br>
<p>The toponym "Holy Island" is an ancient one. Pliny speaks of an island called "Hiera," near Paphos, and Strabo mentions a place called "Hierocepis" nearby Paphos and Akamas. It is likely that the name refers to the Apollo sanctuary that stood there in the 1st century BC.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>The island was first excavated in 1982 by Sophocles Hadjisavvas following a proposal to build a hotel on the island. He quickly established the presence of Hellenistic remains on the island, which halted all further attempts to build on the island. In 1989, Joan Breton Connelly from New York University heard about the work and impressed by the range of the material joined the excavations which have continued since then.</p><br>
<p>The excavations have established three periods of occupation on Yeronisos. Early Chalcolithic (3800 BC), late Hellenistic (80-30 BC, and Byzantine (6th-7th century and 13th century). The most intense of this activity is the late Hellenistic period at a time when Cleopatra ruled Cyprus. Limestone amulets, identical to those used in Cypriot sanctuaries of Apollo, point to ritual activity and the worship of Apollo. The island was apparently abandoned following a devastating earthquake in 1st century BC/AD. Low-level activity on the island begins again in the 6th century AD. when a reservoir and animal shelters were built.</p><br>
<p>Onchestos  is the name of an ancient Greek city in Boeotia northwest of Thebes. In ancient times it was famous for its sanctuary of Poseidon. The site has been excavated intermittently since the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Onchestos is mentioned in the famous "Catalogue of Ships" in Homers Iliad where it is referred to as Poseidon’s "bright grove." The town was a meeting place for the Boeotian League in the Macedonian period. The town was burned by the Persians under Xerxes I, and probably again by the Romans in 171 BC when nearby Haliartos was destroyed. In the early 1st century AD Strabo wrote that the temple was standing although Poseidons sacred grove was "devoid of trees". In the 2nd century Pausanias wrote that he was still able to see Poseidon’s temple, cult image, and grove.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Sporadic archaeological excavations have taken place at the site from the 1960s onwards. Since 2014 a new Onchestos Excavation Project has begun to systematically examine the site. The excavations attest to sanctuary’s prosperity in the 6th and 5th centuries BC.</p><br>
<p>The Menhir of Beisenerbierg is a three-metre-tall standing stone which stands on a hilltop at Reckange  in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. An excavation in 2001 revealed its age to be Neolithic.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The standing stone, or "menhir", is 3 metres high, 0.7 metres wide, and weighs around 4 tonnes. It is made from sandstone and owes its yellow-brown colour to its high iron content.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The stone was buried for centuries until 1978 when it was identified by members of the "Friends of Old Mersch" association. It was re-erected 30 metres from its original location. In 2001, an archaeological excavation was undertaken by the National Museum. The excavations which uncovered the original foundation pit confirmed the antiquity of this megalithic monument, and showed it to be Neolithic.</p><br>
<p>The Kahlert Mercantile Store is a historic commercial building in Browerville, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1883 as Browerville was springing up around a newly built railroad line. The simple wooden building with a false front contained retail space on the ground floor and a community meeting hall upstairs. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 for having local significance in the themes of commerce and exploration/settlement. It was nominated for being a highly intact example of the vernacular commercial architecture erected in Minnesota&#39;s railroad boomtowns.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Kahlert Mercantile Store is a two-story wood-frame building with a 25 by footprint. It has the squared-off false front typical of 19th-century rural and frontier towns. However the second floor rises a full story to accommodate the meeting hall, whereas most such buildings had a truncated upper floor. The Kahlert Store lacks any basement. The building is covered in clapboard siding broken by two-over-two sash windows.</p><br>
<p>A balcony once projected from the front façade. It was removed around 1910, likely to accommodate improvements to the adjacent street or sidewalk. The only other major exterior alteration is the addition of a sliding garage door near the rear of the north wall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Kahlert Mercantile Store was established by brothers William and Ferdinand Kahlert. They were early settlers of Todd County who arrived in 1870, initially homesteading in Hartford Township. In 1882 the Sauk Center and Northern Railway—a subsidiary of the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway—built a rail line nearby. Although mostly intended to access railroad-owned timber land, the rail line sparked the establishment of several towns along its route, including Browerville. Although a small village had been coalescing in Hartford Township, most of its business owners quickly relocated to the new trackside town, and the Kahlert brothers followed suit in 1883.</p><br>
<p>Their building, at the corner of Main Street and 6th Street, used the same false-front style as most of the other early construction in Browerville. They operated a general store and grocery out of the ground floor. Despite competition from several similar stores in town, the Kahlerts prospered and even expanded into an adjacent building by 1900. Over the same period the meeting hall they&#39;d established on the upper floor served as a popular venue for local gatherings, social events, and church services.</p><br>
<p>The Robbins Stoeckel House is a historic house on Litchfield Road in Norfolk, Connecticut. Built in 1907, it is a distinctive design of the architect Alfredo S.G. Taylor, featuring some of his signature elements. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Robbins Stoeckel House stands south of the village center of Norfolk, on the west side of Litchfield Road just south of the Mountain View Inn. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a dormered gable roof, and an exterior finished in stucco and wooden shingles. A gambrel-roofed ell extends from the north side. A fieldstone chimney rises on the front facade, near the junction between the original main block and the ell.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1907 to a design by Alfredo S.G. Taylor, a New York City-based architect who spent many summers in Norfolk. Taylor is credited with more than thirty commissions in Norfolk. This house exhibits a number of signature Taylor elements, including windows with small panes in both square and diamond configurations, the half-round window in the end of the gambrel gable, and the position of the entrance at the crook of the ell. The ell, although it was added in the 1920s for a subsequent owner, was also designed by Taylor.</p><br>
<p>The First African Missionary Baptist Church in Bainbridge, Georgia is a Romanesque Revival-style church built during 1904-1909. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>It is a brick church. It was designed by Thomas H. Bynes, a member of the congregation who was a graduate of Tuskegee Institute, and is unusual as an "outstanding example of African-American church architecture in Georgia at the beginning of the 20th century", at a time when most churches founded and built by blacks were usually "plain, one-room frame structures, rectangular in shape with gable roofs" with "little or no ornamentation or architectural detailing."</p><br>
<p>The interior has 12 curved rows of pews arranged in a semi-circle.</p><br>
<p>The Trailside Museum of Natural History is located in the historic Army Theatre at Fort Robinson State Park, three miles west of Crawford, Nebraska on USA Route 20.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building served as a theater and gymnasium for the Fort Robinson army post. The theater hosted many types of entertainment, including boxing matches, dances, and moving pictures. The theater was exclusively used as a gym by 1917 as automobiles and movie houses became more prevalent, allowing soldiers to seek entertainment elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>The building was acquired by the University of Nebraska in 1955 which opened the Trailside Museum at Fort Robinson in 1961. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988,</p><br>
<h2>Exhibition</h2><br>
<p>The most important exhibition is a pair of 14 - foot mammoth skeletons were found nearby. The beasts apparently locked tusks in mortal combat and starved to death as a result.</p><br>
<p>The museum exhibits the fossils of two mammoths which killed each other when the area was in an ice age. They were trapped due to their tusks and died.</p><br>
<p>Also in the museum there is a paleontological exhibition made by Mark Marcusson and Gregory Brownde. There are exhibits of animals that lived in Nebraska millions of years ago like the Daeodon or three-toed horse.</p><br>
<p>Sun Terrace, also known as the Field House, is a historic house on Stub Hollow Road in New Hartford, Connecticut. Commissioned in 1929 for a scion of the Vanderbilt family and completed in 1932, it is the first successful residential commission of William Lescaze, and the first documented example in the United States of an International Style country house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Sun Terrace is located in an isolated rural setting near the geographic center of New Hartford. It is set on a wooded ridge southwest of the town center, its east flank traversed by Stub Hollow Road. The house is set at the crest of the ridge, with expansive views to the west and southwest. It is a 1-1/2 story structure, with a frame of steel finished with cement stucco. It is an asymmetrical but roughly rectangular mass, with a flat roof, cantilevered decks, and a prominent curved wall section. It has grouped windows, including at some of its corners, and is generally devoid of exterior ornamentation. A spiral staircase provides access between the rooftop terrace and lower outside spaces. Interior features include a curved soapstone fireplace, and extensive use of fluorescent lighting, a technology in its infancy at the time of the house&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>The house was commissioned from William Lescaze, a Swiss architect, in 1929 by Frederick Vanderbilt Field, a scion of the Vanderbilt family railroad fortune who was disinherited for his political views. Lescaze was at the time also designing the PSFS Building, the nation&#39;s first International style skyscraper. When completed, this house was the first country house of that style, being preceded in residential architecture only by the Lovell House of Richard Neutra.</p><br>
<p>Papeloze Kerk  is a restored megalithic tomb  near Schoonoord in the Netherlands.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The meaning of the name is disputed but it is generally thought to mean "priestless church" (paap=priest) or "popeless church". It is sometimes said that anti-Catholic (anti-"popish") sermons were held here in the 16th century.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The monument was heavily damaged in the 1860s by people using it as a quarry for building material. It was excavated in 1938 and again in 1958 by A. E. van Giffen. In 1959 he chose to restore it as a demonstration model of a Dutch "hunebed" tomb. Some of the stones were taken from elsewhere, including eleven stones taken from another hunebed (D33). Half the tomb was covered in earth and the chamber was reconstructed with dry-stone walling. The other half of the tomb was left in skeleton form.</p><br>
<p>Tham An Mah,  is an archaeological site located in the Luang Prabang Province of Laos. The site was initially excavated in 2010 by a joint team of the and the Department of Heritage of Laos. Perhaps most important is the site&#39;s status as one of the stone jar burial sites from iron age Laos, the most famous of which is the Plain of Jars. Test excavations in 2010 included two trenches. Finds from trench B included a circular stone disk, possibly made of limestone or a similar material. The initial reports listed the possibility that the disk represented a jar covering or grave marker similar to those found on the Plain of Jars. The B trench also included the remains of four pots, one of which was directly under the discovered disk and accompanied by loose remains.The single datable piece of material that has thus far been recorded was from the lowermost portion of the excavation and gave a date of c. 13,000, which could indicate an earlier site not recorded. The site also included a Buddhist painting on the cave walls that villagers believed was from the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Looting</h2><br>
<p>The interior has been almost entirely destroyed by looters, though initial reports suggested the damage was not critical. When the archaeologists returned in 2013, they characterized the site as almost entirely destroyed. Villagers stated that the looters were after the fine sediment inside the cave that could be resold as gardening soil elsewhere.Given the later destruction, only a preliminary analysis of the test excavation is available to provide information on the site.</p><br>
<p>The Wéris megaliths are a group of megalithic monuments found near the village of Wéris, in the province of Luxembourg, in Belgium.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The megalithic remains at Wéris are scattered over region more than 5 miles (8 kilometers) long, and form a group which is unique in Belgium. There are many standing stones (menhirs), including one beside the road just southwest of Wéris. Of the many chamber tombs (dolmens) which once existed in the area, two now survive in good condition. These remains generally date to around 3000 BC,</p><br>
<p>The dolmens are made from slabs of conglomerate stone. A notable feature of the two dolmens is that the funerary chamber and the ante-chamber are separated by a stone slab pierced with a circular opening.</p><br>
<p>Wéris I (Dolmen de Wéris) is situated beside the road just northwest of the village of Wéris. It is the largest of the two dolmens and has a single massive roof slab. This tomb had been robbed prior to excavation, so nothing is known about its contents.</p><br>
<p>Wéris II (Dolmen d&#39;Oppagne) is to the southwest of Wéris and has a roof composed of three massive horizontal slabs. Excavations of the grave-chamber found the bones from several people, together with flint tools and a few sherds of coarse pottery. Charcoal from a hearth and several animal bones suggested a ritual funeral meal.</p><br>
<p>A museum (La Maison des Mégalithes de Wéris) for the monuments can be found in the centre of the village of Wéris.</p><br>
<p>Bocan Stone Circle is a stone circle situated near the village of Culdaff in County Donegal, in the Republic of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stone circle is located on Bocan Hill, just outside the village of Culdaff on the Inishowen peninsula. It is situated in a heather-covered field.</p><br>
<p>The stone circle has a diameter of about 18.3 metres.</p><br>
<p>Only seven of the stones are currently standing, the others are fallen or broken. There were originally around thirty stones, some up to 2 metres tall. Two tall stones seem to mark an entrance. Opposite this entrance are two smaller stones, and it has been suggested that the stone circle is aligned on an east-west axis between Slieve Snaght and Jura, Scotland, which is visible on a clear day. In 1816 it was reported that "graves" with "earthen urns" had been uncovered in the circle.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Martin in Worle within the English county of Somerset has Norman origins. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Martin&#39;s Church was built in 1125 and rebuilt during the 14th and 15th centuries, with major restoration and extension work in 1870.</p><br>
<p>Following the dissolution of the monasteries the carved misericords from Woodspring Priory were moved to St Martin&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The Church is now ecumenical, with Methodist as well as Church of England ministers. The parish and benefice of Worle is within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The stone building has a tiled roof and consists of a four bay nave, chancel and north aisle. The three-stage tower is supported by angle buttresses.</p><br>
<p>Coneybury Henge is a henge which is part of the Stonehenge Landscape in Wiltshire, England. The henge, which has been almost completely flattened, was only discovered in the 20th century. Geophysical surveys and excavation have uncovered many of its features, which include a northeast entrance, an internal circle of postholes, and fragments of bone and pottery.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Coneybury Henge is around 1.4 kilometres east-by-southeast of Stonehenge, which can be seen from the site. The location has extensive views southeast across the Avon valley, and west towards Normanton Down.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and excavation</h2><br>
<p>The site was first noted from the air in the 1920s and thought to be a disc barrow. The photographs show an oval ditch, around 45 metres by 55 metres in diameter. The entrance is on the longer axis on the northeast side. Traces of an external bank are said to be visible.</p><br>
<p>The henge was excavated in 1980 as part of the Stonehenge Environs Project. The excavations revealed a broad oval ditch around 4 metres wide by 3 metres deep defining the henge. Excavation of internal features included a few pits and postholes, numerous stakeholes, and an arc of postholes inside the inner edge of the enclosure ditch which may have represented a post circle. Some of the internal features may pre-date the henge. Finds included pottery ranging from the early Neolithic to middle Bronze Age, as well as animal bone and a human cremation.</p><br>
<p>Around 12 metres northwest of Coneybury Henge, excavators found a pit containing a large amount of early Neolithic pottery together with a large quantity of animal bone. The bones included at least ten cattle, plus several roe deer, two red deer and a pig. The material was radiocarbon dated to 3980-3708 BCE. The contents may represent the remains of a major feast, and are thought to pre-date the henge.</p><br>
<p>The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Station is a railway depot located in Pioneer Park on West Lake Street in Petoskey, Michigan. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The building now houses the Little Traverse Historical Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad began service to Petoskey in 1874, and was the only railroad in the area. In 1891, a second railroad, the Chicago and West Michigan Railway, began constructing a line with attendant buildings, between Elk Rapids and Petoskey. The railway purchased this land on the shore of Little Traverse Bay to place their Petoskey Depot. The company hired the Cadillac firm of Mosser and Wilson to construct the depot, and both the rail line and depot were completed in 1892. The town of Petoskey then created a park (now Pioneer Park) surrounding the depot.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, the Chicago and West Michigan Railway and this station was absorbed into the Pere Marquette Railway. The Pere Marquette, in turn, was merged into the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1947. The Petoskey station continued to serve passengers until the 1950s, when it was abandoned. IN 1970, the Little Traverse Regional Historical Society obtained a lease on the depot and some of the surrounding land. The building was converted into a museum in 1971, and as of 2017 is used as the Little Traverse Historical Museum</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Chesapeake and Ohio Depot is located just on the edge of Little Traverse Bay. It is a distinctly Victorian Shingle style building with a distinct Victorian cast. The long building originally had open platforms at each end, but these were filled in during subsequent renovations. A porte cochere extends in the front of the building, and perching atop the building is a squat conical roof. Next to the conical section is a tall narrow chimney.</p><br>
<p>The Sunny Ridge Historic District encompasses a historic former crossroads village in Washington, Connecticut. It consists of properties abutting the triangular intersection of Sunny Ridge Road, Nettletown Hollow Road, and Old Litchfield Road . This area was in the 18th and 19th centuries a stop on a north-south stagecoach and mail route. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Nettleton Hollow area was one of the first places to be settled in the 18th century in Washington. The Nettleton Hollow Road had been cut through the area, serving travelers between Hartford and Cornwall, where connections to the Albany, New York could be made. The presence of local cross roads presented the opportunity to establish taverns. One, the Rising Sun Tavern at 6 Romford Road, was established in 1748 and enlarged in the early 19th century, while a second (at 20 Nettleton Hollow Road) was established c. 1790. The area flourished until the stage routes declined in the later years of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The historic district includes all of the property immediately surrounding the triangle formed by Nettletown Hollow Road, Sunny Ridge Road, and Old Litchfield Road. It includes ten houses, seven of which are historically significant, as well as a number of 19th-century outbuildings, including barns and sheds. All of the buildings are of wood frame construction, the houses generally 1-1/2 or 2-1/2 stories in height. The total area of the district is 175 acre.</p><br>
<p>The Ponshewaing Point Site  is an archaeological site located on Ponshewaing Point in Crooked Lake in Emmet County, Michigan. It was places on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>This site was in use approximately AD 800 - 1500, covering several Middle and Late Woodland period occupations. "Ponshewaing" (or "Pon-she-waing") is typically translated as "winter home," which may indicate a year-round occupation.</p><br>
<p>Test excavations were completed at the Ponshewaing Point Site in 1966-67. The site was more intensively excavated by researchers from Michigan State University in 1970. Excavations revealed multiple components, including four basic pit types. Post mold shapes indicate two distinct dwellings.</p><br>
<p>Chain Lake is a large pond or small lake in Mackinac County near St. Ignace in the U.S. state of Michigan. The lake is served by Interstate 75, which provides a rest area and lake overlook for southbound drivers at mile 346. The lake is also served by the North Country Trail. In Mackinac County, this trail uses the right-of-way abandoned by a spur line of the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway, a logging-era railroad that helped remove most of the old-growth timber from around the lake. Second-growth woodland surrounding the small sheet of water is owned by the private sector and by Hiawatha National Forest.</p><br>
<p>The lake is noted for rock bass, bullhead, sunfish, sucker, largemouth bass, perch, and northern pike. In winter seasons with suitable weather conditions it can be used to play pond hockey. It may be named for being part of a "chain" of streams and lakes that offered alternative canoe passage from St. Ignace westward. Although the eastern tip of the lake is less than 1 miles from Lake Huron, it drains down the Moran River and through Freschette Lake into West Moran Bay in Lake Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Benton Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing the historic waterfront areas of Fort Benton, Montana. Founded as a fur trading post at the head of navigation of the Missouri River, it was prior the advent of the railroad one of the nation&#39;s largest inland ports, playing a pivotal role in the development of the American and Canadian West. The Front Street and waterfront area of the city preserves elements of this history. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961, although its boundaries were not formally determined until 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Fort Benton was founded in 1846-48 by Alexander Culbertson, a fur trader working for the Chouteau brothers firm. It was named for Senator Thomas Hart Benton, and was originally little more than a palisaded fort, with the facilities of the trading firm within. At first goods were moved up and down the river by keelboats and other human or animal-powered watercraft. In 1859 the Chouteaus acquired a steamboat, and began service from St. Louis, Missouri. At more than 3000 river miles from the sea, it has been described as "the world&#39;s innermost port". From 1860 to 1890 it was one of the principal points of embarkation for supplies and good that drove the development of the American West. Its proximity to Canada meant that goods and supplies also traveled north, helping fuel the growth of cities such as Edmonton, Alberta. Goods were loaded and unloaded on the levee, and merchants managing the trade had their business on Front Street, with homes nearby. The river trade declined in the late 19th century after railroads became a more reliable means of transportation in the region.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along Front Street, from the 1200 to 1900 blocks, and includes the levee along the river bank, and the 1888 Fort Benton Bridge, built in an attempt by the local merchants to maintain the city&#39;s influence as the steamboat trade declined. The district includes the site of Fort Benton, which has a surviving element an 1856 blockhouse, the levee, built in 1860, the 1882 Grand Union Hotel, and the Fort Benton Engine House, a fire station that also served as city hall for many years. The 1867 I.G. Baker House is the oldest surviving residence in the district.</p><br>
<p>The Shay Hexagon House is a house located at 396 East Main Street in Harbor Springs, Michigan. It was part of a complex of three buildings  built by Ephraim Shay. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ephraim Shay was born in Ohio in 1839. He moved to Michigan in 1864 and eventually to Harbor Springs in 1888. He was already nationally known as the inventor of the Shay locomotive, typically used in logging applications. ON arriving on Harbor Springs, Say built an octagon house for his own use, and a nearby machine shop, where he constructed machines (including some of his eponymous locomotives) and manufacturing tools. About a year after the construction of the machine shop, Shay built a waterworks, which supplied Harbor Springs and Harbor Point with up to 100,000 gallons of water a day. A reservoir was constructed in 1894.</p><br>
<p>Shay lived in his house until his death in 1916. The house was sold in 1924/25, and housed a series of commercial shops. As of 2017, it is privately owned and has been carefully restored.</p><br>
<p>Shay sold the waterworks to the city of Harbor Springs in the late 1890s. The machine shop was later used as a city garage, and then as the city Fire Hall. Both buildings have been subsequently demolished, leaving the Hexagon House as the only remaining structure in the complex.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Shay Complex is composed of three structures: Ephraim Shay&#39;s private residence (known as the "Hexagon House"), his machine shop, and the waterworks.</p><br>
<p>The Hexagon House, located at 396 East Main Street, is constructed entirely of metal on a foundation of cut stone. The roof, originally of metal sheet, was later covered with asphalt shingles. The sheets of metal used to construct the house were embossed to give the appearance of brick. Interior walls are of corrugated steel.</p><br>
<p>The main body of the house is a two-story hexagon shape, and surrounding the center structure are six single-story hexagonal wings, each one a single room with five windows spaced around the perimeter. The room in the center was used as a sitting room, with the upper floor an observatory. Two main entrance halls lead to the front and rear of the house, and the center room opens onto a parlor, a dining / family room, a kitchen with a bath for the maid, and three bedrooms with two main baths. The interior was originally finished with oil paints in contrasting designs.</p><br>
<p>The machine shop is located on Judd Street across from the Hexagon. It is a large single-story brick building with a hip roof covered in shingles. Windows are set in segmental arches.</p><br>
<p>The waterworks is located just east of the machine shop. It has a partial hip roof covered in shingles.</p><br>
<p>The Terryville Waterwheel is a historic industrial water wheel at the Pequabuck River and Main Street in the Terryville section of Plymouth, Connecticut. Probably built in 1851 for a local lockmaker, it is one of three surviving 19th-century water wheels in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Terryville Waterwheel is located in Terryville, a historic 19th-century manufacturing district of eastern Plymouth, and now the towns main commercial center. It is located on the north side of Main Street (United States Route 6) on the western bank of the swiftly flowing Pequabuck River. The wheel is built out of wood and iron, and is mounted in its original wheel well formed out of rubblestone capped in concrete. It is 22 ft in diameter and 7 ft wide, and is sheltered by a form-fit shelter erected in 1951. Most of the wheels parts are pressure-treated wood, replacing original materials in a 1990-91 restoration. The axle of the wheel is cast iron, with a cast iron hub providing attachment mortises for the wheel&#39;s arms. The arms are fastened to the hub with metal bolts, and are cross braced with iron tie rods.</p><br>
<p>The wheel was traditionally thought to date to the construction of Eli Terrys clock factory, which was built on this site in 1824. However, that factory was destroyed by fire in 1851, and was rebuilt by its then-owner, the Lewis Lock Company. It is believed that the present wheel fittings date to that period. The wheel was powered by water delivered from a dam upriver (no longer extant) via a wooden head race (also not extant, although it survived until 1951). This wheel provided power to lockmaking concerns until about 1940, when the factory was demolished. Of Connecticuts three surviving 19th-century water wheels it is the best preserved.</p><br>
<p>Edayilakkad  is a marshy island situated in Valiyaparamba Panchayath, Kasaragod district, Kerala, India. It is located in the Kavvayi Backwaters, a long, almost isolated, arm of the Arabian Sea. Edayilakkad is noted for its biodiversity and local conservation efforts. The island is three to four meters above sea level on average. To the east of Edayilakkad lies the mainland of India.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Historic knowledge of the remote area dates to the 2nd century A.D. Although it wasn&#39;t inhabited until the early 1900s, feudal Lingayats of the Vijayanagara Empire once controlled the region. Before the formation of the Kerala state, the area was part of Madras. An emigration of a mainly Sri Lankan labour force onto the island occurred in the 1930s.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>To the south of Edayilakkad lies the island of Madakkal, while the village of Trikkarippur is located on the mainland east of Edayilakkad. The village of Ayitti is due north of the island. The island lies on the Malabar coast. According to India&#39;s revenue department, the island has an area of 312.01 acres. Due to its width, Edayilakkad is one of the largest islands in the northern parts of Kerala.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Kavvayi, in which Edayilakkad is situated, is separated from the Arabian Sea on the west by a thin strip of land, which was probably formed due to embayment (a gradual separation of the lake from the sea). This strip is called Valiyavaramba (meaning "Big Border"). The area of Lake Kavvayi is approximately 1,264 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h3>Backwaters</h3><br>
<p>Located 30 km from Bekal, the Kavvayi Backwaters is one of the most picturesque backwater boroughs in Kerala. The Valiyaparamba Backwaters of Edayilakkad are approximately 21 km long, and 37.0 km long; and are formed from the confluence of seven rivers. The backwaters are at the southern end of the Tejeswini River.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>There are 1,305 people living in 250 houses on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna and flora</h2><br>
<p>Edayilakkad is biodiverse, including being a nesting area for the state endangered white-bellied sea eagle, The island is a home to a large mangrove forest biome.</p><br>
<p>Ghazni is a city in southeastern Afghanistan, which served as the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire from 977 to 1163.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The toponym Ghazni is known to have existed prior to the Islamic period. Classical authors mention the name in various forms, including the Greek Gázaca (Γαζαχα), and the Chinese Ho(k)-si(k)-na.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Ghaznavid city</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>Although not a member of the Ghaznavid family, the foundation of the Ghazni as a Ghaznavid city can be attributed to the Turkic slave commander of the Samanid Empire, Alp-Tegin, who after his unsuccessful attempt to put the Samanid prince Nasr on the throne, was forced to flee from the court in Bukhara. In 963, Alp-Tegin accompanied by his personal guard of Turkic slave-soldiers and group of Iranian ghazis left for Ghazni, which was a small town in Zabulistan ruled by the local Lawik dynasty. He seized Ghazni from Abu Bakr Lawik, a kinsman of the Kabulshah, and secured his position by receiving an investiture from the Samanids as the governor of Ghazni.</p><br>
<p>Alp-Tegin died a few months later (September 963) and was succeeded by his son Abu Ishaq Ibrahim, who briefly lost control of Ghazni after an invasion by its former ruler, Abu Bakr Lawik. However, he managed to regain it with Samanid aid. Some time later, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim died and was succeeded by a Turkic slave commander named Bilgetegin.</p><br>
<h3>Under the Ghaznavid rulers</h3><br>
<p>In 1052, the rebellious slave-soldier (ghulam) Toghrul seized Ghazni, had Abd al-Rashid killed, and had the sultans men jailed in a stronghold. However, Toghruls reign lasted only 15 days; he was defeated and killed by Ghaznavid loyalists, who put Farrukh-zad (r. 1053–1059) on the throne.</p><br>
<p>The citys good fortune came to an unexpected and ruthless end when it was sacked and set on fire in 1151 by the Ghurid Sultan Ala al-Din Husayn (r. 1149-1161). All the tombs of the Ghaznavid rulers, with the exception of Mahmud, Masud I and Ibrahim, were broken open and the remains burned. From these events, Ala ad-Din Husayn gained the nickname, Jahānsūz (meaning the World Burner).</p><br>
<h2>Monuments and inscriptions</h2><br>
<p>The Albert W. Henn Mansion is a residence in Euclid, Ohio on the National Register of Historic Places. Constructed in 1923 at a price tag of $150,000, it was originally the residence of Albert W. Henn, who had made a fortune in the machine tool industry.</p><br>
<p>The structure is built in the Tudor Revival style, with Bungalow and Craftman influences.</p><br>
<p>Henn lost his fortune during the great depression and, unable to pay his municipal taxes, he turned his house and his property over to the City of Euclid on stipulation that he be allowed to reside on the premises until his death, which occurred in 1947. The adjoining land became Sims Park, and the mansion was used as classrooms, the Euclid Board of Educations offices, and then as the location of Euclids Recreation Department. The structure was allowed to deteriorate in the 1990s, and the city proposed to demolish it in 1996, upon which the Friends of the Henn Mansion was founded.</p><br>
<p>The Albert W. Henn Mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It is currently used as a rental place for gatherings such as parties, baby showers, weddings, and flea markets.</p><br>
<p>The Tom Thumb House is a historic summer cottage on Windrow Road in Norfolk, Connecticut. Built in 1929, it is an unusual medieval-styled construction designed by New York architect Alfredo S.G. Taylor. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Tom Thumb House is located south of the village center of Norfolk, on the south side of Windrow Road. It is set on a hillside above the road, from which it and an adjacent later house are screened by trees. It is a single-story structure, consisting of two roughly square sections joined at a corner. The walls of each section are made of large boulders, and are up to 2.5 ft thick. The pyramidal roofs of each section, framed with hand-hewn timbers recycled from old barns, are covered in thick slate. One of the squares has the main living space, while the other houses a sleeping and kitchen area. Exposed framing and rough paneling, also recycled, are the principal exposed woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1929 to a design by New York City architect Alfredo S.G. Taylor. Taylor spent many summers in Norfolk, and is credited with more than thirty commissions in the community. A number of them share the medieval features used in this building: the rough rustic stone and wood finishes, and heavy slate roof. Details of the building were published in American Architect and Building News after its construction. Taylor&#39;s work for the Childs family also included the Starling Childs Camp on Doolittle Lake, and the Childs Sports Building; the latter in particular, located north of Windrow Road, has similar style and construction methods to this building, but on a larger scale. This house was referred to by the family as the "Teahouse&quot its "Tom Thumb" name was applied in the American Architect and Building News article.</p><br>
<p>Børøya is a small island in the Hadsel municipality of Nordland in Norway. The island lays in the Langøysundet, between Langøya and Stokmarknes on Hadseløya. Børøya has an area of 1.4 km² and the highest point is 52 meters above sea level. Norwegian County Road 82  runs over the island. In the east, the Hadsel Bridge connects with Langøya. In the west, it connects over to Stokmarknes.</p><br>
<p>On Børøya there is a large residential area, and also several businesses. For many years there was a mall on Børøya, but the building is now used by NorEngros Health Service Wholesale.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hadsel municipality purchased Børøya in 1963 and projected residential and industrial areas on the island. The municipality funded and built the bridge over to the island; it was officially opened on 1 July 1967. A grocery center was established on Børøya in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Mountain Branch, National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers was an old soldiers&#39; home opened in 1904 in Johnson City, Tennessee. Its site has since been taken over by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, and is home to the Mountain Home National Cemetery and the James H. Quillen VA Center. Also known as the Mountain Home, its campus was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 2011, as a well-preserved example of an early 20th-century veterans care facility.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers (NHDVS) was created by the United States federal government in the waning days of the American Civil War, as a means to provide needed support for Union Army veterans of the war. Between 1865 and 1930 a total of eleven branches of this service were founded. The Mountain Branch was established in 1901 by the NHDVS through the efforts of Congressman Walter P. Brownlow. Land for the campus was purchased soon after the enabling legislation was signed, and major development took place between then and 1903, when the unfinished facility opened its doors. The campus was designed by New York City architect Joseph H. Freelander, a proponent of the Beaux Arts style of architecture, and landscape designer Carl Andersen. The many surviving buildings that make up the core of the present VA campus are in the Beaux Arts style. The complex received notice in architectural publications, including criticism that it was overly exotic for its comparatively rural location.</p><br>
<p>The NHDVS was absorbed in the Veterans Administration (now the United State Department of Veterans Affairs) in 1930, at which time another round of construction took place. A third major round of building occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, after the VA developed a master plan for the site.</p><br>
<p>The Mountain Home National Cemetery was established in 1903, in a manner similar to other national cemeteries located adjacent to NHDVS facilities.</p><br>
<p>Most of the surviving campus continues to be used by the Department of Veterans of Affairs as the James H. Quillen VA Center.</p><br>
<p>The Dickey-Birdsong Plantation is a 565 acre historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. It includes four contributing buildings, five contributing structures, and a contributing site. It is a wildlife preserve.</p><br>
<p>It has a 1912 dwelling, the "Dickey-Komarek House", which includes Classical Revival architectural details, and is a frame one-and-a-half-story building built in 1912 by expanding upon a mid-1800s dogtrot house. It has an 1858 barn and outbuildings built in the 1900s.</p><br>
<p>The property was purchased from the Dickey family in 1938. It became a site of ecological research and fire experimentation.</p><br>
<p>The property is now the Birdsong Nature Center and is located on what is now known as Birdsong Rd. Birdsong Nature Center was created as a 501c3 corporation in 1986. Its mission is "to foster awareness, understanding, and appreciation of nature and its interrelationships."</p><br>
<p>The Cairo Commercial Historic District is a 12 acre historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>It had 31 contributing buildings, mostly on North and South Broad Street, but also on Railroad Avenue and on Second Avenue and one on First Street.</p><br>
<p>It includes:</p><br>
<p>Citizens Bank (c. 1908), 128 South Broad Street, a Neoclassical Revival building with a vault design</p><br>
<p>115 South Broad Street, a three-story building with paired stone pilasters</p><br>
<p>Zebulon Theater (1936), 207 North Broad Street, a two-story, brick building with Art Deco influence</p><br>
<p>United States Post Office (1935), 203 North Broad Street, a Stripped Classical building built with funds from the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works (FEAPW, a Public Works Administration forerunner). It has a New Deal mural, "Products of Grady County", by Paul Ludwig Gill.</p><br>
<p>Three, one-story brick warehouses (1909) on Railroad Avenue</p><br>
<p>Cairo Depot (c.1880), formerly the Atlantic Coastline Depot, which in 1994 was the Cairo Police Station, a stucco-over-masonry building with overhanging eaves, brackets, and a large hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>The Emanuel County Courthouse in Swainsboro, Georgia serves Emanuel County. The current building is the county&#39;s eighth courthouse.</p><br>
<h2>Former courthouse</h2><br>
<p>The former courthouse in Swainsboro, built in 1940 and since demolished, and a sheriff department building, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 as Emanuel County Courthouse and Sheriff Department. The Sheriff Department building, built in 1912, is a one-story Classical Revival building with a pedimented entrance portico. It was designed by Augusta, Georgia, architect L.F. Goodrich.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse served as Emanuel County&#39;s seventh justice building, replacing the 1920 courthouse that was destroyed in a 1938 fire. It was designed in Stripped Classical style by architects Dennis and Dennis. The courthouse was demolished in 2002, but a historical marker remains.</p><br>
<p>Cho La, also transliterated as Tro La, is a mountain pass across the Chola Mountains in Dege County, Garze Prefecture, Sichuan, China. In Mandarin Chinese, it is known as Qu&#39;er Pass. The pass reaches a height of 4,916 m and may be snow covered year-round. The pass is an important link between the town of Derge and the rest of Sichuan Province. Historically, it was part of a trade route between Tibet and China through the Kingdom of Derge in Kham. The western flank of the pass is drained by the Zhil Chu and the eastern flank is drained by the Tro Chu. Yihun Lhatso, a glacial-fed lake, is located to the east of the pass.</p><br>
<p>A tunnel constructed under the Chola Mountains now bypasses the mountain pass and is the world&#39;s highest vehicular tunnel. Construction of the tunnel was completed in 2016.</p><br>
<p>Yihun Lhatso, also transliterated from Tibetan as Yilung Latsho, is a glacial lake in the Tibetan area of western Sichuan Province, China.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Yihun Lhatso rests in a valley on the north side of the Chola Mountains at the foot of Rongme Ngatra. It is found 10km south of the town of Manigango in Dege County, Garze Prefecture. The lake occupies a u-shaped valley and is contained by the former terminal moraine of a glacier originating from Rongme Ngatra that has now receded to 4,100 m above sea level. The lake is drained by the Tro Chu, a tributary of the Yalong River which eventually joins with the Yangtze. The lake is passed by Highway 317 on its way over Cho La mountain pass.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>As part of the historic Kham region in Tibet, Yihun Lhatso has long been known to the Tibetan people. It is considered a sacred lake in Tibetan Buddhism and a kora route circles the lake. The lake and adjacent streams are known for the hundreds of boulders that have been carved into mani stones. Today, it is a common tourist stop for hiking and the entire Yihun Lhatso area charges an admission fee.</p><br>
